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æcer: (noun - masculine) field; acre
- së æcer - the field/acre (masculine nominative singular)
-
æcerum: [æcer - field; acre]
- of þäm æcerum - from the fields (masculine dative plural)
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æðeling: (noun - masculine) prince
- së æðeling - the prince (masculine nominative singular)
-
æðelingas: [æðeling - prince]
- þä æðelingas fëngon tö þäm gärum - the princes took up the spears (masculine nominative plural)
-
æðelinges: [æðeling - prince]
- þæs æðelinges häme - the prince's home; the home of the prince (masculine genitive singular)
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älådan: (Weak 1) to lead; to bring; to lead away
-
älåddon: [älådan - to lead; bring; lead away] (preterit indicative plural)
- hïe älåddon - they brought; they led; they led away (preterit indicative 3rd person plural)
B
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beald: (adjective) bold
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batum
:
(noun - masculine) boats-
on batum - in boats (masculine dative plural)
-
bealdan
: [beald - bold] ( adjective - masculine nominative and accusative plural)- bealdan mëças - bold swords
-
bïtan
: (Strong 1 - bïtan, bät, biton, biten) to bite
-
biton
: [bïtan - to bite] (preterit indicative plural)-
wë biton - we bit (1st person plural)
îë biton - you bit (2nd person plural)
hïe biton - they bit (3rd person plural)
-
bringan
: (Weak 1- bringan, bröhte, bröht) to bring
-
bröhton
: [bringan - to bring]-
hïe bröhton - they brought (preterit indicative 3rd person plural)
C
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camp
: (noun - masculine) battle-
së camp - the battle (masculine nominative singular)
-
campe
: [camp - battle]-
on þåm campe - in the battle (masculine dative singular)
-
cræft
: (noun - masculine) skill; power, strength; accomplishment; trade, handicraft;- trick, deceit
së cræft - the strength (masculine nominative singular)
-
cuman
: (Strong 4 - cuman, cöm, cömon, cumen) to come, to go
-
cyning
: (noun - masculine) king-
së cyning
- the king (masculine nominative singular)
-
cyninge
: (noun - feminine) queen-
sëo cyninge - the queen (feminine nominative singular)
D
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- N.B. Words containing ð [eth] are listed under þ [thorn], which follows t in this glossary.
- Both ð and þ represent the dental fricative spelled "th" in modern English.
-
dëad
: (adjective - masculine nominative singular) dead
-
Dene
: (noun - masculine plural) Danes-
þä Dene (masculine nominative or accusative plural)
-
Dena
: [Dene - Danes]-
þära Dena - of the Danes (masculine genitive plural)
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dëað
: (noun - masculine) death- së dëað - (the) death (masculine nominative singular)
-
dryhten
: (noun - masculine) lord (secular); Lord (Judeo-Christian)- [N.B. The term for the Christian deity is not always capitalized in Old English.]
Ð
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- N.B. Words containing ð [eth] are listed under þ [thorn], which follows t in this glossary.
- Both ð and þ represent the dental fricative spelled "th" in modern English.
-
ðam ðe
or þäm þe: (the demonstrative þäm [së - the, this], sometimes followed by þe,- used as relative pronoun) whom, which
mid ðam ðe - with which (instrumental singular)
-
ðæs
/ þæs : (article or demonstrative adjective [See së])- ðæs æðelinges - the prince's, or, that prince's (genitive plural)
E
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ëac
: (adverb) also
-
eorl
: (noun - masculine) earl, chief, nobleman, warrior- së eorl - the warrior; the nobleman (masculine nominative singular)
-
eorlas
: [eorl - earl] - þä eorlas hæfdon ofercumen - the earls had overcome (masculine nominative plural)
F
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fela
: (noun - indeclinable neuter followed by genitive) many, much
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fëngon
(tö): [fön: to seize; to take (up); to catch]- hïe fëngon tö þäm gärum - they took up the spears (preterit indicative 3rd person plural)
-
fëond
: (noun - masculine) enemy- së fëond - the enemy (masculine nominative singular)
-
fisc
: (noun - masculine) fish
-
fiscas
: noun masculine nominative or accusative plural)- þe fiscas îefëngon - who caught fish (masculine accusative plural)
-
fisceras
: (noun - masculine nominative or accusative plural) fishermen- þa fisceras - the fishermen (masculine nominative plural)
-
folc
: (noun - neuter) people, tribe, folk, nation
-
fön
: (Strong 7 - fön, fëng, fëngon, fangen) to seize; to take; to catch
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forwundodon
: [forwundian - to wound seriously]-
forwundodon - they wounded seriously (preterit indicative 3rd person plural)
-
(also for use with we and you plural)
-
fuglas
: [fugol - bird]- þä fuglas - the birds (masculine nominative or accusative plural)
-
fugol
: (noun - masculine) bird-
së fugol - the bird (masculine nominative singular)
G
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gaderian
, gæderian: (Weak 2): to gather
-
gär
: (noun - masculine) spear- së gär - the spear (masculine nominative singular)
-
gäras
: [gär - spear ] - þäs gäras - the spears (masculine nominative plural, or masculine accusative plural)
-
gärum
: [gär - spear] - tö þäm gärum - the spears (masculine dative plural)
-
îefëng
: [îefön - to take; seize; catch; capture]- hë îefëng - he captured (preterit indicative 3rd person singular)
-
îefëngon
: [îefön - to take; seize; catch; capture]- hïe îefëngon - they caught; they captured (preterit indicative 3rd person plural)
-
îefön
: [Strong 7- îefön, îefëng, îefëngon, îefangen] to take; seize; catch; capture
-
îegaderod
: [gaderian, gaderian - to gather] gathered (past participle)
-
îeong
: (adjective) young
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god
: (noun - masculine)- së god - the god [non-Christian] (masculine nominative singular)
-
God
: (noun - masculine)- God - God (masculine nominative singular)
-
[N.B. The term for the Judeo-Christian deity is not always capitalized in Old English.]
-
göd
: (adjective) good- së göd cyning - the good king (nominative masculine singular)
göd cyninge - good queen
sëo göde hlåfdiîe - the good lady
-
göd
: (noun - neuter) good; benefit; property; possessions, goods- ðæt göd - the good [or] the possessions (neuter nominative singular)
H
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habban
: (Weak 3 - habban, hæfde, hæfd) to have
-
hæfdon
: [habban - to have] (preterit indicative)- wë hæfdon we had (1st person plural)
îë hæfdon - you had (2nd person plural)
hïe hæfdon - they had (3rd person plural)
-
hæfde
: [habban - to have] - he had; she had; it had (preterit indicative 3rd person singular)
-
hærfest
: (noun - masculine) autumn
-
hærfeste
: [hærfest - autumn] (masculine dative or instrumental singular)- on hærfeste - in autumn (masculine dative singular)
-
hafoc
: (noun - masculine) hawk
- së hafoc - the hawk (masculine nominative singular)
-
häm
: (noun - masculine) home- së häm - the home (masculine nominative singular)
-
häme
: [häm - home] (masculine dative or instrumental singular)- tö his häme - to his home (masculine dative singular)
-
hë
: (pronoun - masculine nominative 3rd person singular) he
-
helm
: (noun - masculine) helmet; protection - së helm
- the helmet (masculine nominative singular)
-
helmas
: [helm - helmet; protection]- þä helmas - the helmets (nominative or accusative plural)
-
helmum
: [helm - helmet; protection]- þäm helmum - [to] the helmets (masculine dative plural)
-
hïe
: (pronoun - masculine nominative 3rd person plural) they
-
hläf
: (noun - masculine) loaf- së hläf - the loaf (masculine nominative singular)
-
hläford
: (noun - masculine) lord- së hläford - the lord (masculine nominative singular)
-
hlåfdiîe
: (noun - feminine) lady- sëo hlåfdiîe - the lady (feminine nominative singular)
I
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ierðling
: (noun - masculine) farmer; plowman - së ierðling - the farmer (masculine nominative singular)
-
ierðlingas
: [ierðling - farmer; plowman]- þä ierðlingas - the farmers (masculine nominative plural or masculine accusative plural)
M
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mann
: (noun - masculine) man
- së mann - the man (masculine nominative singular)
-
mëças
: [së mëçe - the sword]- ðäs mëças - the swords (masculine nominative or accusative plural)
-
mëçe
: (noun - masculine) sword- së mëçe - the sword (masculine nominative singular)
-
miçel
: (adjective - masculine nominative singular) much, great, large
-
miçel
: (noun - neuter) much; many; a great deal- së cræft þära wera wæs miçel - the skill of the men was much (masculine nominative singular [subject complement])
-
mid
: (preposition) with
O
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of
: (preposition) from; away from; after; out of; concerning
-
ofercömon
: [ofercuman - to overcome - See cuman] (preterit indicative plural)- hïe ofercömon - they overcame (preterit indicative 3rd person plural)
-
on
: (preposition; sometimes adverb) on; in; into; among; during; against
S
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së
(masc.), sëo (fem.), þæt (neuter): (definite article or demonstrative adjective)-
the [or] that
-
[These forms can also serve as relative pronouns or demonstrative pronouns. See below.]
-
së stän - the stone (definite article, masculine nominative singular)
-
së stän - that stone (demonstrative adjective, masculine nominative)
-
së
(masc.), sëo (fem.), þæt (neuter): (relative pronoun or demonstrative pronoun) - who, which; that; that one
-
Iç seah ðone mann së is göd cyning.
-
- I saw the man who is a good king.
-
- I saw the man; that one is a good king.
-
seah
: [sëon - to see] - iç seah - I saw (preterit indicative, 1st person singular)
-
sëo
: (feminine definite article; demonstrative adjective; relative pronoun;- or demonstrative pronoun)
-
sëo hlåfdiîe - the lady (frminine definite article)
-
sëon
: [Strong 5 - sëon, seah, säwon, sewen] to see
-
slëan
: [Strong 6 - slëan, slöh, slögon, slagen] to slay
-
slöh
: [slëan - to slay] - hë slöh - he slew, slayed (preterit indicative 3rd person singular)
-
sum
: (adjective - masculine nominative singular) some; a certain- sum mann - a certain man
-
sum
: (pronoun) someone; a certain one; some (of them)
-
swä
, swå: (adverb, conjunction) so as, as if-
swä hwä swä - whoever, whatever;
swä hwaet swä - whoever, whatever;
swä hwelç - whatsoever;
swä (oft) swä - as (often) as;
swä same - in the same manner;
swä swä - just as, even as;
swä ... swä - as ... so; either ... or;
swä þëah - nevertheless
Þ
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þä
or ðä: [së - the; that; who, which] (definite article; demonstrative adjective;- relative pronoun )
-
þä eorlas hæfdon - the earls had (masculine nominative plural)
-
hë seah þä eorlas - he saw the earls (masculine accusative plural)
-
þä
: (adverb) then
-
þä
: (conjunction) when; since, because- þä..., þä... - when..., then...
-
þä þe
or ðä ðe: (the demonstrative þä [së - the, that], sometimes used- with þe, used as relative pronoun) who, whom, which (nominative or accusative plural)
-
þäm þe
or ðäm ðe: (the demonstrative þäm [së - the, that] sometimes followed by þe,- used as relative pronoun) whom, which
-
þäm þe hïe ofercömon - whom they overcame
-
-
þäm
/ ðäm or þåm /
ðåm: (definite article or demonstrative - masculine or neuter singular)- the, that
- þäm stäne - the stone (definite article, dative singular)
þåm campe - (definite article, dative singular)
-
þära
/ ðära: (definite article or demonstrative) the, that- þära stäna - of the stones (article - masculine genitive plural)
-
þår
/ ðår: (adverb) there; in that place
-
þår
/ ðår: (conjunction) where; if only
-
þæs
/ ðæs : (article or demonstrative adjective [See së])-
ðæs æðelinges - the prince's, or, that prince's (genitive plural)
-
þæt
: (article - neuter nominative singular [See së])-
þæt folc - that tribe (neuter nominative singular)
-
þë
: (relative pronoun) who, whom, which, that (variant of së)-
þä ierðlingas þe wæstmas älåddon - the farmers who carried crops (nominative and accusative)
-
þë
: (conjunction) because
-
þë
: [þu thou: 2nd person personal pronoun - nominative singular]-
þë - thee (2nd person pronoun - accusative singular)
-
þeîn
: (noun - masculine) servant; retainer; thane; warrior
-
þone
or ðone: [së - the, that]- þone stän - the stone (article - masculine accusative singular)
W
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wåron
: [wesan - to be; to exist]- wë wåron - we were (preterit indicative, 1st person plural)
hïe wåron - they were (preterit indicative, 3rd person plural)
-
wæs
: [wesan - to be, to exist]- hë wæs - he was (preterit, 3rd person singular)
-
wæstmas
: (noun - masculine nominative or accusative plural) crops - (masculine nominative plural) [no article here]
-
wer
: (noun - masculine) man; husband- së wer - the man (masculine nominative singular)
-
wera
: (noun - masculine) of men - genitive plural
-
weras
: (noun - masculine plural) men- þä weras bröhton - the men brought (masculine nominative plural)
-
wesan
: [Strong 5 - wesan, wæs, wåron] to be, to exist
-
wifmann
: (noun - masculine singular) woman-
së wifmann - the wife (masculine nominative singular)
