History of Burma

 

Dr. Wynn Gadkar-Wilcox                                                                              History 598 

218 Warner Hall                                                                                                Tuesdays, 7:00-9:30 pm

(203) 837-8565 (work)                                                                                    Warner Hall 320

(516) 532-6861 (cell)                                                                                       wilcoxw@wcsu.edu

Course Website: http://people.wcsu.edu/wilcoxw                                    

Office Hours: TR 12:30-2:00 at 3:20-4:00, (W 5-6 by appt).

 


Burmese Monks Protesting the Regime in Rangoon in 2007

 

 

Course Description:            Burma, which the ruling military junta has now renamed by its literary name, Myanmar, is at the center of a struggle over globalization and governance.   It government is run largely on profits from oil companies, deforestation, wildlife trading, and opium.   In 2007, the regime was nearly toppled by protests over oil prices, and in 2008, by a massive cyclone.  Yet few reporters were able to retell the story of these events accurately, because so little is known about the country.   In this course, we will take a hard look at what is known about the history of Burma, wading though and considering difficult and cutting edge research looking at the Burmese past and how it influences the present of Burma at the crossroads.  We will take a chronological approach, first situating Burma in Southeast Asian history, then examining Burmese life under British rule, then considering the fractured nature of post-independence Burma.

 

 

 

Course Objectives:             This course aims to:

 

·         Introduce students to the basic principles of Burmese history

·         Give students an understanding of how the Burmese past has effectuated the current crisis in Burma

·         Introduce students to the history and development of Burmese religious and intellectual minorities

·         Most importantly, develop techniques for analyzing Burmese intellectual and religious history through examining arguments and evidence, both orally through debates and discussions and in written format through the writing and revision of formal essays and through the responses to discussion questions.

 

Required Readings:                       Aung San Suu Kyi, Letters from Burma.  New York: Peng., 1998.

Aung-Thwin, Michael.  Myth and History in the Historiography of Early Burma Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1998.

________________.  Mists of Ramanna: The Legend that Was Lower Burma.  Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005.

Callahan, Mary.  Making Enemies: War and State-Building in Burma.  Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.

Orwell, George.  Burmese Days.  New York: Acheion, 2008, or http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/o/orwell/george/o79b/

Thant Myint-U.  River of Lost Footsteps.  New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 2008.

 

 

Grading:                                          Grades will be determined on the following basis:

 

                                                            In-class presentations: 20 percent

                                                            General Participation in Class Discussions and Debates: 20 percent

                                                            Two Seven Page Papers: 30 percent each.

 

                                                            More information on these requirements can be found at the end of the syllabus, in the “participation criteria” handouts, and online at the course’s website, http://people.wcsu.edu/wilcoxw

                                                                 

Course Schedule:                

 

 

Week One: Introduction to the Study of Burmese History

 

January 29:                            Course Introduction; Lecture: The Basic Facts on Burma

 

                                                   Reading:  Syllabus

 

Week Two: Situating Burma in Early Southeast Asian History

 

February 5:                            Presentations: The Indianization Theory; Wolters and Men of Prowess

 

                                                   Debate:  Resolved that early Burma was culturally colonized by India.

 

                                                   Reading: Thant Myint-U, 42-52; Coedes, Indianized States, 3-35*; Wolters, History Culture, and Region, 11-57*

 

Week Three: Burma Before Pagan

 

February 12:                         Presentations: Pyus and Mons

 

                                                    Debate: Resolved that the pre-Pagan Mon Kingdoms were mythical.

 

                                                   Reading: DGE Hall, History of South-East Asia, 140-5*; Coedes, 62-4*; Aung-Thwin, Mists of Ramanna, all

 

Week Four: The Pagan Kingdom (849-1289)

 

February 19:                         Presentations: The Rise and Fall of Pagan in Burmese Historiography.

 

                                                   Debate: Resolved that our understanding of Pagan has been irretrievably tainted by modern Burmese nationalist historiography.

 

                                                   Reading: Taylor, “The Early Kingdoms,” 164-8*; Thant Myint-U, 52-62; Aung-Thwin, Myth and History, 1-62.

 

 

Week Five: Ava and Pegu (1364-1555)

 

February 26:                         Presentations: Ava and Pegu

 

                                                   Debate: Resolved that the major lesson of Pagan’s successor states was that Burma was in decline.

 

                                                   Reading:  Thant Myint-U, 63-76; Coedes, 209-11; and 227-8*; Aung-Thwin, Myth and History, 63-end.

 

Week Six: The Toungoo Dynasty (1580-1752)

 

March 5:                                 First Five-Page Paper Due. 

 

                                                   Debate: Resolved that Toungoo success and failure was inextricably tied to the European economy specifically and to the world economy generally.

 

                                                   Reading:  Thant Myint-U, 76-87; DGE Hall, 260-76;* Lieberman, Burmese Administrative Cycles, 3-62 and 139-292;* Lieberman, Strange Parallels, 6-65*.

 

Week Seven: The Konbaung Dynasty (1752-1819)

 

March 12:                               Presentations: Alaungpaya, Dupleix and the Anglo-French Rivalry

 

                                                   Debate:  Resolved that Alaungpaya’s aggressiveness provoked

 

                                                   Reading:  Thant Myint-U, 88-106; William J. Koenig, "The Burmese Polity, 1752-1819”*; In Search of Southeast Asia, 101-110*

 

Week Eight: British Colonization Part I (1819-1885): The Nature of Conquest

 

March 19:                               Presentations:  The First, Second, and Third Anglo-Burmese Wars

 

Debate: Resolved that the British colonization of Burma was unplanned.

 

                                                   Reading:  Thant Myint-U, 1-30 and 107-162; Furnivall, The Fashioning of Leviathan*.

 

                                                  

March 19-25: Enjoy your Spring Break!

 

Week Nine: British Colonization Part II: Life Under British Rule

 

April 2:                                    Presentations: Orwell and Fashion

                                                  

                                                   Debate: Resolved that the British should be credited with giving Burmese modernity.

 

                                                   Reading: Orwell, Burmese Days, all; Chie Ikeya, “The Modern Burmese Woman and the Politics of Fashion in Colonial Burma,” JAS 67:4 (Nov. 2008), 1277-1308*

 

Week Ten: British Colonization Part III: History: 1885-1945

 

April 9:                                    Presentations: Indian-Burmese Colonial Relations

 

Debate: Resolved that YMBA demands for Indian/Burmese separation played into British hands

 

                                                   Reading:  Thant Myint-U, 162-219; In Search of Southeast Asia, 282-291*; Callahan, 1-44.

 

 

Week Eleven: The Burmese Independence Movement (1930-1948)

 

April 16:                                  Presentations: The BIA, the War, and Independence

 

                                                   Debate: Resolved that the legitimacy of the Burmese Independence Movement was tainted by its association with Japanese Fascism

 

                                                   Reading: Thant Myint-U, 220-256; Callahan, 45-113; In Search of Southeast Asia, 394-398.

 

Week Twelve: Aung San, U Nu,  and the Early Years of Military Dictatorship, 1948-1962

 

 

April 23:                                  Presentations: Aung San’s Assasination and the U Nu Regime

 

                                                   Debate: Resolved that U Nu’s incompetence is responsible for the rise of military dictatorship in Burma.

 

                                                   Reading: Thant Myint-U, 257-289; Callahan, 114-206; In Search of Southeast Asia, 398-404.

 

Week Thirteen:  Ne Win: The Crackdowns to the Democracy Movement, 1962-1988

 

 

April 30:                               Presentations: The Burmese Way of Socialism

 

                                                Debate: Resolved that Ne Win’s economic policies, if properly executed, could have been beneficial

 

                                            Reading: Thant Myint-U, 290-320; Callahan, 207-228; Aung San Suu Kyi, 3-42

 

Week Fourteen: The Democracy Movement and the Struggles against the Military Dictatorship, 1988-Present

 

May 7:                                     Presentations: Aung San Suu Kyi, the Four Eights Uprising, and the Protests of 2007-8

 

                                                   Debate: Resolved that the Burmese democracy movement has been unsuccessful since 1988 due to its failure to sustain international attention and support.

 

                                                   Reading:  Thant Myint-U, 31-41 and 321-354; Aung San Suu Kyi, 43-207.

 

Final Papers due in my box in 224 Warner Hall by May 14.

                                                  

 

 

 

 

CLASS PARTICIPATION, IN CLASS PRESENTATIONS, AND DEBATES

 

This course is based predominantly on discussion; thus, a substantial portion of your grade (40 percent) will be based on your participation.  I take this very seriously, and make notes in each class as to who is actively participating.  “Active participation” means that you have something intelligent to say in class that seems based in and grounded on the readings of that week.  The discussion grade will be divided as follows:

 

Quality of General Participation: 20 points

Performance in Oral Presentations: 20 points

 

Each of you will have at least two opportunities (and in this class, perhaps more) to give an oral presentation for the week’s discussion.  As discussion leader, you will be responsible for accurately summarizing in no more than three minutes the main points of the previous week’s reading and beginning the week’s debate by preparing two follow-up questions related to that week’s debate topic.

 

More information on these assignments can be found on the “Oral Presentation” and “General Participation” handouts, which have been distributed in class and can be found on the website.

 

 

Two 7 PageReading Critique” PaperS

 

                This paper, the first of which which is due in class on March 5 and the second of which is due in my box in Warner 224 on May 14 , will present a critique of the central argument of one of the class readings done in the first half of the class for the first paper and the second for the second paper.  The reading may be chosen from the articles on electronic reserve or from of the books that have been assigned.  In some of the books, such as Callahan’s, there are clear, independent arguments in each chapter; therefore, you can pick a chapter to analyze.  In others, such as Spence’s, you might take the book as a whole to critique, since the each chapter doesn’t really present an independent argument.   The paper should state what the central argument of the reading is and then take a position on that argument, making clear the reasons that you think the author is right, wrong, or partially right and partially wrong.   If the argument is effective, make clear what you think makes it effective.  If it is ineffective, what makes it ineffective?   

                “Critique” does not have to be (but can be) synonymous with “criticize.”   Feel free to either agree or disagree with the conclusion of the author.  Whether you agree or disagree, what I am looking for is that you have subjected the argument to all reasonable scrutiny.   Are the premises that lead to the author’s conclusion accurate?  Why or why not?   Are there anachronisms, generalizations, or logical fallacies in the author’s argument?  Finally, never forget to articulate what the consequences of your conclusions are.   For example, if an argument is anachronistic, why is that bad?  What’s wrong with a generalization?     Don’t assume that just because you’ve heard that something is a flaw in an argument that I will necessarily consider it a flaw.  Show me why it should be considered a flaw.

You are strongly encouraged to visit with me in my office to discuss the paper, and possible paper topics, with me.  Feel free to bring in outlines and drafts, if you wish, as well.